China In The World Anti-Fascist War giá ưu đãi

ChapterⅠBy Opening the First Large Battle field Against Fascism，China Raised the Curtain on the International Anti—Fascist War.

Section 1 The Japanese imperialists’ aggressive ambition against China was long premeditated

Section 2 Japan was the first source of the Second World War

Section 3 The September 18th Incident was a prelude to the world anti—fascist war

Section 4 China’s nationwide anti—Japanese resistance， beginning with the July 7 Incident， opened up the Far Eastern theater as part of the world wideanti—fascist war.

Chapter Ⅱ China’s Sustained War against Japan Disrupted Germany， Japan and Italy’s Strategic Plan While Providing Support and Cooperation to the European and Asian／Pacific War Against Fascism.China Became the East’s Major Battleground in the Fight Against Japanese Fascism.

Section 1 China’s anti—Japanese war disrupted the global strategy of Germany， Japan and Italy.The war provided favorable conditions for the Allied forces to inflict successive defeats on the enemy.

Section 2 China’s anti—Japanese war forced Japan to relinquish its “north advance.” the scheme to invade the Soviet Union： the war created favorable conditions for the Soviet Union to avoid fighting on two fronts.

Section 3 China’s sustained anti—Japanese war slowed the pace of Japan’s march south， thus exerting a significant influence on the progress of the Pacific War

Section 4 China’s sustained anti—Japanese war and the sacrifices of the Chinese nation were a precondition for the Allies’ policy of “Europe first， Asia Second，” thus laying a solid foundation for total victory in the worldwide war against Fascism.

Section 5 China was， from the beginning to the end， the major battlefield in the East in resisting Japanese Fascism

Chapter Ⅲ China’s Anti—Japanese Battlefront was a Significant Strategic Support， a Rear Base and Military Intelligence Base for the Allied Forces in the Asia—Pacific Region， Directly Assisting and Cooperating with the Allied Forces in the Anti—Fascist Struggle

Section 1 China directly supported the Soviet Union’s anti—fas cis！ str uggle

Section 2 The Chinese battlefront was an important strategic support for the Allied forces in the Asia—Pacific region， and China sent troops to Burma to fight the Japanese aggressors jointly with the Allied forces

Section 3 China’s battlefront was an important rear base and military intelligence base for the Allied forces in their fight against Japanese aggression in the Asia—Pacific region

Chapter Ⅳ The Whole Range of Unique Military Theory and Experience of Defeating a Stronger Enemy Gained from China’s Anti—Japanese War Greatly Enriched the Theory of the World Aati—Fascist War

Section 1 Beating the Japanese strategy of “war of quick decision” with a protracted war

Section 2 Meeting Japan’s regular warfare with a guerrilla war

Chapter Ⅴ China Made Great Contributions to the Establishment of the World’s Anti—Fascist United Front， and Established Itselfas a Major Country

Section 1 China made important contributions to smashing the “Far Eastern Munich Conspiracy”

Section 2 China actively proposed and promoted the setting up of the international united front against fascism

Section 3 The unequal treaties imposed upon China by

imperialist powers in the 19th century were basically rescinded

Section 4 China established itself as a major country

Chapter Ⅵ Japan’s Surrender and Cbina’s Acceptance

Section 1 Japan’s surrender

Section 2 Japan’s surrender to China

Chapter Ⅶ Lessons and Apocalypses from China’s Resistance

Against Japan and WWII

Section 1 Judge the nature of a war correctly， distinguish Drimary contradiction from secondary ones， form a most extensive united front against aggression —these are the key to the victory.

Section 2 Correct guidance and flexible strategies are necessary for the success.

Section 3 “People’s war” makes iron—clad insurance for success.

Section 4 Strong comprehensive national strength is important.

Section 5 By characteristics of future wars， strengtheningthe study of military science and building up armedforces and conducting a timely military reform are vita！ for success against invasion.

Section 6 Opposition of hegemony， power politics and appeasement prevents regional conflictprogressing to all—out warfare.

China’s Anti-Japanese Battlefront was a Significant Strategic Support, a Rear Base and Military Intelligence Base for the Allied Forces in the Asia-Pacific Region, Directly Assisting and Cooperating with the Allied Forces in the Anti-Fascist Struggle

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Chinese people received aid from the Soviet Union, the United States and other Allied countries. Meanwhile, the Chinese people also provided direct help to the Soviet Union, and sent troops to Burma in joint actions with the Allied forces. The Chinese battlefront was a key rear base and a military intelligence base for the Allied forces fighting the Japanese in the Asia-Pacific region. So China and the Allied countries helped each other, and the worldwide anti-fascist war was won with important contributions from China, as well as a dire toll of Chinese lives and property.

Section 1 China directly supported the Soviet Union’s antifascist struggle

The aid between the peoples of the world in their fight for peace and progress is mutual. The struggle in the aided countries is also a support for the countries providing the help. After the July 7 Incident of 1937, people in the Soviet Union offered active assistance to the Chinese people’s anti-Japanese efforts; meanwhile, the Chinese people’s struggle was also a strong support for the Russian people in their fight against fascism.

German Nazi troops invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The Chinese people were deeply sympathetic to the Russian people, believing that it was the task not only of the Russian people and people in other invaded countries, but also of the Chinese people, to defeat fascist Germany. Therefore, the Chinese people resolutely gave moral and political support to the Soviet Union. The day after the outbreak of the Soviet-German war, Mao Zedong scathingly denounced Hitler’s aggression. He spoke highly of the international significance of the Russian people’s defensive war, and fully expressed the Chinese people’s firm support for the Russian people’s rightful struggle. In his instruction to the Party on behalf of the CPC Central Committee he pointed out that, “The perfidious crime of aggression” committed by the rulers of Nazi Germany “is a blow not only against the Soviet Union but against the freedom and independence of all nations. The Soviet Union’s sacred war of resistance against fascist aggression is being waged not only in its own defense but in defense of all the nations struggling to liberate themselves from fascist enslavement. For Communists throughout the world, the task now is to mobilize the people of all countries and organize an international united front to fight fascism and defend the Soviet Union, defend China, and defend the freedom and independence of all nations.” He also proposed that in the current period, “the tasks for the Chinese Communist Party are to:

1. Persevere in the national united front against Japan, persevere in Kuomintang (KMT)-Communist cooperation, drive the Japanese imperialists out of China, and by these means assist the Soviet Union.

2. Resolutely combat all the anti-Soviet and anti-Communist activities of the reactionaries among the big bourgeoisie.

3. In foreign relations, unite against the common foe with everybody in Britain, the United States and other countries who is opposed to the fascist rulers of Germany, Italy and Japan.”

The National government declared severance of diplomatic relations with Germany and Italy on July 2, 1941. This diplomatic action was a strong protest against the two fascist governments’ reactionary policies toward China, and coming at the same time as the outbreak of the Soviet-German war, implied China’s sympathy and support for the Soviet Union.

In addition, the Chinese people’s material aid to the Soviet Union was also valuable support for the Russian people’s fight against Nazi Germany. From 1931 to 1937, in the difficult situation caused by the Japanese invasion, China kept a moderate scale of trade relations with the Soviet Union, providing various kinds of materials needed for its preparations against war. After fullscale hostilities broke out between China and Japan, China faced unimaginable difficulties in continuing its trade with the Soviet Union, mostly in the purchase and transportation of materials. For instance, the places of production of export commodities were widely scattered, yet the major Chinese highways, railways and water transportation trunk lines were all concentrated in the eastern coastal provinces. With no developed transportation in the large rear areas, it was extremely difficult to buy and transport mineral, agricultural and livestock products from such wide areas. Also, because China’s coastal cities and provinces had early fallen into Japanese hands, the Japanese troops tried to cut off China’s overseas trade contact, destroy its economic bases for the anti-Japanese war, and declared that all the Chinese coastal lines were blocked, seriously choking China’s wartime international transportation lines. After the fall of Guangzhou, in October 1938, all China’s direct international maritime trade routes were cut off. At that time, foreign trade routes in KMTcontrolled areas were reduced to the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and the Yunnan-Burma Road in the southwest, and the road to the Soviet Union in the northwest. In such harsh conditions, China’s limited export commodities could hardly be transported to the Soviet Union. In spite of this, following the regulations prescribed in the three agreements on loans between China and the Soviet Union, China made the greatest efforts to overcome the difficulties involved in its supply of all kinds of materials to meet the needs of the Soviet Union to pay back the loans. For example, after China lost all its maritime transportation routes following the fall of Burma at the end of April 1942, the Resources Commission of the Chinese Ministry of Economy found a new way to transport mineral products abroad to ensure the export quantity to the Soviet Union. Starting May 24, 1942, the Commission managed to put export materials stored in Kunming onto the return flights of US airplanes to India after their transportation of China-relief materials, then ship the materials from Calcutta to Iran’s southern ports, and from there transport them to the Soviet Union by land. In 1944, at the request of the Soviet Union to increase the volume of delivery, China opened a new air route from Yibin in Sichuan Province to India. Chinese commodities were supplied to the Soviet Union by state-owned or semi-state-controlled organizations, both established in the early years of the anti-Japanese war to exercise state control over import and export commodities. To ensure the sources of supply, the Chinese government set up the Trade Adjustment Committee in October 1937 to manage export commodities, which was later renamed the Trade Committee of the Ministry of Finance. The government declared a state monopoly over 24 kinds of export commodities, and stipulated that there would be unified purchase and sale of four kinds of materials – tung oil, tea leaves, bristles and mineral products – by specified companies. On December 27, 1938, the National government promulgated the “Regulations Forbidding Transportation of Goods to Enemy-Occupied Areas.” Important materials such as ore, coal, salt, cotton, bristles and leather were all on the list. The delivery of materials to the Soviet Union was handled through different channels. The Resources Commission of the Chinese Ministry of Economy signed an annual delivery contract with the Soviet Union’s Export Trade Association, which stipulated the quantity, quality, variety and time of China’s export of mineral products to the Soviet Union. The Trade Committee of the Ministry of Finance then signed an annual delivery contract for agricultural and livestock products with its Soviet counterpart. The Fuhua Trade Company, Fuxing Commercial Company and Chinese Tea Company handled China’s export of agricultural and livestock products to the Soviet Union.

Preface

In1930s-40s, a world war of unprecedented size in human history erupted. This was the Second World War – a life-and-death struggle between the democratic forces and the Fascist forces that sought hegemony over the world, a war between the just and the vicious, between light and darkness. The belligerent states during the Second World War numbered 61, plus the areas involved, 84, with a combined population of 2 billion people, some 80% of the world’s total. Over 110 million troops were involved. Theaters of war were seen on each continent and ocean.

The Second World War ended with the defeat of the Axis countries – Germany, Italy and Japan – and the victory of the Allied countries – the Soviet Union, China, the US and the UK. The victory of the world anti-Fascist war was also the victory of the international anti-Fascist united front, a victory won by all nations that loved peace and justice and engaged in mutual support and coordination, and joint efforts in bloody battles. China was a major belligerent country, and it was on Chinese soil that the prelude to the world anti-Fascist war took place. The prolonged warfare in the Chinese arena smashed the joint ambitions of Germany, Japan and Italy to carve up and dominate the world by joining their forces in the Middle East. China was a major battleground in the East. While making a huge contribution to the anti- Fascist war, the Chinese nation paid a heavy price. It is estimated that during the eight years of the full-scale anti-Japanese war, Japan lost 4.55 million troops on Chinese battlefields (including the killed, wounded, captured and surrendered). At the same time, Japan lost 700,000 troops (including the killed, wounded, captured and surrendered) to the Soviet Union in the Far East. Japan lost 1.247 million troops in the Pacific theater to British and American forces (including 160,000 eliminated by American, British and Chinese troops in India and Burma). Japan lost a total of 6.49 million people during the war, and 70 percent of these losses occurred in China. Towards the end of 1937, the Japanese army had 16 divisions in China – about 600,000 troops, or two-thirds of its total ground forces. By the end of 1938, Japan had 24 divisions in China, with over a million soldiers, leaving only one division in Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, many of the Japanese ground forces, up to 35 divisions and 44 mixed brigades, were tied up in China. Only 6 divisions and 11 brigades remained in Japan and Korea. Its force input in the “southbound expedition” was only 10 divisions and three brigades. The forces Japan put into China were three times more than its input during the early stage of the Pacific War. It is documented in “The History of the Pacific War,” compiled by the Japanese History Association, that during the Second World War, among the five countries having over five million casualties, China suffered the biggest loss. During the 14 years of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Chinese military and civilian people had 35 million casualties and economic loss, direct and indirect, up to 600 billion US dollars. All these facts and figures prove the following: The Chinese anti-Japanese war was an inseparable part of and crucially important to the victory in the world anti-Fascist war. China made an everlasting contribution to its victory.

Apart from the huge loss of human life, China’s great contribution was seen in the following aspects: (i) The Chinese nation started the rollback of the Fascists by opening a large battlefield in the East; (ii) The prolonged war on the Chinese battlefields, besides smashing the attempt of Germany, Japan and Italy to join forces in the Middle East to carve up and dominate the world, helped the anti-Fascist forces in Europe and the Asian-Pacific area, being a chief focus of resistance against Japanese Fascism in the Orient; (iii) Besides being a strategic support for the Allied armies in Asian-Pacific region, the anti-Japanese struggle in China formed a rear and a base for military information, directly assisting the Allied armies in their fight against Fascism; (iv) The unique protracted and guerrilla war theories that emerged from China’s anti-Fascist war, as well as their effective implementation in reality, enriched to a large extent the theoretical archives of the world anti-Fascist war. These unique theories provided the other anti- Fascist battlegrounds with exemplary cases of the weak defeating the strong, and the poorly equipped defeating the well-equipped. These exemplary cases tremendously inspired soldiers and civilians alike on other battlefields in Europe and the Asian-Pacific areas; (v) China was an active initiator and supporter of the building of an international anti-Fascist united front, and thereby made a significant contribution to foiling the “Munich Conspiracy in the East,” as well as to the construction of the international anti-Fascist united front and the United Nations.

This book is an attempt to introduce from different angles the actual situations in China’s anti-Japanese war. And by doing this, we hope this book will assist people to understand the war, its role in the international anti-Fascist struggle, and its correlation with the other anti-Fascist battlegrounds worldwide. It helps to remember the monstrous crimes Japanese Fascists did in China. Taking history as a mirror, it helps to face the future and safeguard the victory out of the world’s anti-Fascist war. To prevent the repetition of the tragedy in history and the comeback of evil Fascism and militarism, we must join hands protecting the overall situation of peace and progress after the Second World War.